Betrayal trauma and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) are two interconnected psychological phenomena that affect individuals exposed to severe, ongoing trauma, often within relationships of trust. Dr. Jennifer J. Freyd’s and Dr. Pamela Birrell’s research, as expanded upon by Hijung and Yalch, details the impacts of betrayal…

Psychological trauma is an emotional response caused by severe distressing events. It is an emotional response with physical effects. Emotions are real and impact our life, outlook, behavior, and affect our physical health. Short term physical symptoms include anxiety, headaches, nausea, and high blood pressure.…



Here are some key points about denial: Refusal to Admit: Denial involves a refusal to admit the truth or reality of something, like a statement or charge. Defense Mechanism: It serves as a defense mechanism to avoid confrontation with a personal problem or reality. Unconscious…